Migration Legislation Amendment Free Samples - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theMigration Legislation Amendment. Answer: Part A A student Guardian visa (subclass 590) is for that person who wants to stay in Australia as the guardian, parent, and close relative of the applicant of student visa or any person who holds student visa. For the purpose of applying this visa it is necessary that: Applicant or holder of the Student visa must be under the age of 18 years. Applicant of student Guardian visa (subclass 590) must be above the age of 21 years. As per sub clause 590.611 (1) of the Migration Legislation Amendment (2016 Measures No. 1) Regulation 2016 - Schedule 4, if visa is provided to the person who satisfied the requirement of sub clause 590.211(2) or (3) then following conditions are imposed on the applicant: 8101- Person who holds visa must not conduct any kind of work in Australia. 8201- While residing in Australia holder of the visa must not conduct any studies or training for the period extends 3 months. 8501- Individual who holds visa must make necessary arrangements related to insurance of health till the time holder resides in Australia. 8516- Individual who holds visa must be the person who continuously satisfied the primary criteria specified for the respective visa. 8534- Holder of the visa cannot apply for the substantive visa other than protection visa or Subclass 485 (Temporary Graduate) visa while residing in Australia. 8537- Clause 1 of this condition states that for the purpose of class 590 if the nominating student is resides in Australia, then holder of the visa must resides in Australia. Clause 2 of this condition states that holder of the visa must reside with the nominating student, provide adequate accommodation and support to the nominating student, and also ensure welfare of the student who is nominated. 8538- In case holder of the visa leaves the Australia without taking the student with him then holder must provide evidence to the minister in relation: That reasonable and sufficient reasons are present for this purpose, Alternative arrangements are made by the holder for the accommodation of the student, support and welfare of the student till the time holder comes back to Australia. If nominated student is not turned 18 then adequate arrangements made by the holder are approved by the minister (Australian Government, n.d.). In the present case, Aysel is the Widow and came to Australia on a Student Guardian (subclass 590) visa for the purpose of looking out her only daughter Melek (16 years). Conditions 8101, 8201, 8501, 8516, 8534, 8537 and 8538 are imposed on Aysels visa. While residing in Australia, Aysel met with Dennis who is an Australian bachelor and they fall in love with each other. Later they decided to get marry. For this purpose Aysel wants to apply for permanent visa without returning to home, because she did not want to leave Melek on her own in Australia. As stated in condition 8534, Holder of the visa cannot apply for the substantive visa other than protection visa and Subclass 485 (Temporary Graduate) visa while residing in Australia. Therefore, Aysels cannot apply for any permanent visa while residing in Australia. Part B Orphan Relative visa (subclass 837) is the visa which allowed the child to permanently reside in Australia with the relative who is sponsoring the child, and for the purpose of applying getting this visa it is necessary that applicant must: Live in Australia Child must not be older than 18 years or 18 years, and Child must get sponsorship through relative who is the brother, sister, grandparent, aunt, uncle or step-equivalent of the child. It must be noted that sponsor must be an Australian citizen, an Australian permanent resident or an eligible New Zealand citizen. Sponsor must be older than 18 years of age. Child must not be married or in a de-facto relationship. Child must be in situation in which it is not possible for his parents to take care of the child, and Child must satisfy all health and character requirements (DIBP, 2017). As stated above, child can apply for this visa if it is not possible for his parents to take care of the child, because of the following reasons: Both the parents are dead Parents are not capable to take care of the child. It is not possible to found the parents. It is not possible for the child to apply for this visa if the parents of child are able to take care of the child but they do not want to take care. It must be noted that this visa allowed the child to do following things in Australia: can stay in Australia on permanent basis, is allowed to work and study in Australia Can enroll in medicare. Is able to apply for the citizenship of Australia. Child can travel in or outside Australia for the period of 5 years from the date visa is granted. After the period of 5 years it is necessary that child applied for another visa to stay in Australia. Best interest of the Child- department will not grant this visa if it is not in the best interest of the child who is younger than 18 years of age. Health- it is necessary for child to satisfy all the health requirements, and results of health tests are valid for the period of 12 months. Character- in case child is older than 16 years of age then it is necessary for child to meet the character requirements. They must attached police certificate from each country in which they reside for the period of 12 months or more in last 10 years after they turned more than 16 years of age. Child must not arrange the police certificates until the department ask them to do. Debts to the government of Australia- child must not have any outstanding debts towards the government of Australia and in case they have any debts towards Australian government then they must make necessary arrangements to repay those debts (Australian Government, n.d.). In the present case, one evening Aysel and Melek returned from the school after attending parents teacher meeting. When they were on their way to the home, at that time a drunk driver cross the red light and crashed the car of Aysel. Because of this accident Aysel killed on the spot, but Melek was more fortunate than Aysel and suffered only minor injuries from that accident. Hasan is the first cousin of Aysel, and he is an Australian citizen resides at Cabramatta. Both Aysel and Melek visited Hasans house on regular basis and Melek called him uncle. After the death of Hasans Sister, Hasan visited Melek in the hospital and told her that he will be there for her and look after her. In this case Melek can apply for Orphan Relative visa (subclass 837) because this visa allowed the Melek to permanently live in Australia with Hasan, and Melek meet all the requirements of this visa, that is: She resides in Australia She is only 16 years old, which means she is younger than 18 years, and She gets sponsorship from Hasan who is the uncle of the Melek. Hasan is an Australian citizen, and older than 18 years of age. She is not married nor in a de-facto relationship. Both the parents of Melek are dead, and there is no one who can take care of her. Part c Remaining relative visa (Subclass 835) - this visa allowed the visa holder to live permanently in Australia if their near relatives are living in Australia. Through this, visa holder can live in Australia on permanent basis. Applicant is eligible for this visa if (DIBP, n.d.): Their only relative is living in Australia. Applicant gets the sponsorship from their eligible near relative. Applicant has someone who will provide assurance of support. Applicant must meet health and character requirements. Applicant is not eligible for this visa if sufficient grounds are present which make the applicant believe that there are some doubts in the success of the application, because charges paid by the applicant for visa application will not be refunded in case applicant withdraws their application or it is refused by the department. It is necessary that sponsor must give support, accommodation, and financial assistance for the first two years of residency in Australia to their relative or their family member. It is necessary that sponsor must be 18 years of age or older, and must be an Australian citizen, Australian permanent resident, eligible New Zealand citizen. Sponsor must be settled and resided in Australia. This visa allowed the applicant to stay in Australia on permanent basis and if applicant is eligible then he can apply for permanent residence. It is necessary that while making the application of this visa, applicant must be in Australia, and at that time also when visa is granted. These provisions applied on all the applicant of this visa. Assurance of Support- it is necessary for applicant to get assurance or support from person or organization. Up to 3 persons can jointly provide support to the applicant. Assurer provide bank guarantee and must make relevant preparations for that. Preparations involved depositing the money with the bank for the purpose of covering the amount of the bank guarantee. Obligations on applicant- it is necessary for applicant to compile with the Australian laws. Person or his/her partner does not sponsor any person for this visa if person already sponsor any other person for any of the following visa stated below: Laws of the home country of the child give permission related to the removal of the child. Remaining Relative visa (subclass 115) Remaining Relative visa (subclass 835) Preferential Relative visa (subclass 104) Family visa (subclass 806) Person can sponsor the applicant by lodging Form 40 Sponsorship for migration to Australia with the application. It must be noted that applicant can change the sponsorship till the time decision is pending on the application, and it is necessary that new applicant lodge new form 40 for this purpose. It is necessary that sponsor must provide support to the relative for the period of two years from the date visa is granted to the relative, and must help them by providing support, accommodation, and financial assistance (VISA bureau, n.d.). Therefore, Hasan can also apply for this visa for the purpose of getting the permanent residence in Australia for Melek, and for this purpose Hasan must sponsor Melek. References: Australian Government. Visa Conditions. Viewed at: https://guides.dss.gov.au/guide-social-security-law/9/3. Accessed on 26th August 2017. Australian Government. Visa Subclass 837 Orphan Relative. Viewed at: https://guides.dss.gov.au/guide-social-security-law/9/2/11/330. Accessed on 26th August 2017. Australian Visa Bureau. Remaining Relative Visa. Viewed at: https://www.visabureau.com/australia/remaining-relative.aspx. Accessed on 26th August 2017. DIBP, (2017). Orphan Relative visa (subclass 837). Viewed at: https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/837-. Accessed on 26th August 2017. DIBP. Remaining Relative visa (subclass 835). Viewed at: https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Visa-1/835-. Accessed on 26th August 2017. Migration Legislation Amendment (2016 Measures No. 1) Regulation 2016- clause 590.211. Migration Legislation Amendment (2016 Measures No. 1) Regulation 2016- clause 590.611.

International Management for Long Term Orientation - myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Describe how Hofstedes five cultural dimensions could be used to explain the situation at Lees company. 2. Discuss what, if anything, Lee could do to remain at the company but continue to work in a manner with which he felt comfortable. Explain your reasons 3. Discuss what, if anything, Lee could do to remain at the company but continue to work in a manner with which he felt comfortable. Explain your reasons Answers: 1. Organizations should have a cultural overview of their employees in order to understand them. The need for such an in depth analysis was filled by G.H.Hofstede , when he developed a systematic metric Known as Hofstedes five cultural dimensions that showed cultural inclinations of a particular society. According to his theory, there are five major dimensions which define a culture. Those are Individualism, Long Term Orientation, Masculinity, Power Distance, and Uncertainty avoidance(Anastasia, 2015). This theory can be utilized to understand the case of Lee .He was oriented towards the Australian culture as he was there for a long time .Thus, Lee could not be expected to remain rooted with his Korean ethos and had to adapt when he came back from Australia. With such a back ground, Lee came back to work in Korea which has a very different approach to individualism , the people there prefer to stand for each other and work collectively. It was revealed in the meeting when the manager mentioned that Lee was doing the wrong thing by trying to be exceptional among his equals .In this case it can be seen that the employees harbor a moral obligation towards each other and seniors are looked upon as having a moral authority over the others, whereas Lee was being more individualistic and appeared to be competitive. The problem was further increased when Lee did not understand what trouble his peers were having from him which made him work even harder in order to prove his worth. This again went against the general notion of collective work (Rush, 2017).Thus according to Hofstedes theory, Lee was a victim of difference of individualism between the place he came from, and the place he was working(Leibensperger, 2015). As he had no one to talk to at his workplace, Lee Had no choice but to leave office as soon as his work was complete, which was against the principal of power difference (Lee, 2012).While Lee left office early, his peers waited for the seniors to leave bef ore leaving office, this clearly damaged his reputation as he was unknowingly breaking a general rule, of which he came to know about two months later when he met his manager to convey his feelings to him. At that point, Lee discovered that whatever he was doing to gain confidence among his peers was actually hurting his image. For example, Lee tried to come up with ideas and suggestions at meetings in order to impress his peers, but this gesture was misunderstood as being competitive and hostile by his colleagues. Even the way Lee dressed was different, which, according to the manager, broke the general tradition of the office. Hofstedes dimension takes into account the cultural differences related to acceptance of uncertainty. The way his colleagues were offended by his way of dressing and fashion , it looked like they are less acceptable to change .Lee was simply following a trend as he had been doing in Australia , but this did not work well for him here. 2. It is evident that Lee thinks he has run out of any options to improve his situation. His meeting with the manager also failed to get him a favorable outcome so he was planning to leave and return to Australia as the only option. But Lee can utilize the honest information he received from his manager to handle his problems. During the time in office, whatever Lee did to gather appreciation of his peers was done in the wrong way and Lee did not even know it. Now he has a clearer understanding of the reason behind his problems and he has to find a way out. To start with, Lee can easily accept the fact that his appearance is causing discomfort among his peers. While it may be a common practice in Australia, Lee must have understood now that it is avoided in Korea. This can be viewed as dress code guidelines which he needs to follow(mullingcorp, 2015). This way his first impressions will be more accommodating less hostile than earlier. Another important thing Lee was doing wrong was l eaving office early. If Lee can manage to remain in office a little longer, he would be seen as the one realizing his mistake and trying to make amendments. He may also get to know more about his colleagues, which would help him in the long term(Graham, 2013). These things will not require him to change his basic nature and gut feeling, and so it would be easier to apply. 3. Since the employees were uncomfortable with another colleague who was acting in a manner which was different for them, the manager must make adjustments in the factors related to his workplace which is more collective in nature(Cho Yoon, 2009). In such a scenario, the working environment may be less appealing for reserved or individualistic employees like Lee. While collective team work has potential to generate great performances, sometimes reserved or private employees also contribute a lot to the organization. These employees, if handled properly, can be beneficial for the organization as a whole. Lee appears to have the right talent and a creative mind, to keep Lee in the company; he can be assigned tasks which require fewer interfaces with his colleagues and a defined function, like follow up with clients, researching new markets and product feedback. Since Lee seems to be creative and eager to prove himself, he can be motivated to use his skills as an MBA to scout for new m arkets for business and also follow up with clients on any issues they are facing. This kind of work will involve less interaction with his colleagues as he has to directly report to his manager about any new markets options or a feedback(Apgar, 1998). This can help in avoiding hostilities with his colleagues .The manager must avoid being seen as favorable towards Lee and so he should convince Lee to adjust with the work culture of the office also. Employees need to be explained about the importance of maintaining outfit and other appearances as natural as possible to help them coagulate in organization. Maintaining a simpler outfit and timing with his peers will help him improve his equation with the people at office, while keeping his basic instinct for idea generation and competitiveness. References: Anastasia, 2015. Cleverism. [Online] Available at: https://www.cleverism.com/understanding-cultures-people-hofstede-dimensions/[Accessed 20 August 2017]. Apgar, M., 1998. The Alternative Workplace: Changing Where and How People Work. [Online] Available at: https://hbr.org/1998/05/the-alternative-workplace-changing-where-and-how-people-work[Accessed 20 August 2017]. Cho, T. Yoon, S., 2009. Human Resource Management. [Online] Available at: https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/69824/1/kjps_23_2_57-78.pdf[Accessed 20 August 2017]. Graham, K., 2013. Avoiding Conflict in the Workplace. [Online] Available at: https://www.mediate.com/articles/GrahamK1.cfm[Accessed 20 August 2017]. Lee, C. Y., 2012. Korean Culture And Its Influence on Business Practice in South Korea. [Online] Available at: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:https://www.jimsjournal.org/21%2520Choong%2520Y.%2520Lee.pdf[Accessed 20 August 2017]. Leibensperger, M. S., 2015. Penn State. [Online] Available at: https://sites.psu.edu/leadership/2015/11/28/hofstedes-cultural-dimensions-theory-employee-behavior/ [Accessed 20 August 2017]. mullingcorp, 2015. Adapting to a Corporate Culture. [Online] Available at: https://www.mulling.com/adapting-to-a-corporate-culture/[Accessed 20 August 2017]. Rush, M., 2017. E How. [Online] Available at: https://www.ehow.com/info_8192993_collectivism-vs-individualism-workplace.html[Accessed 20 August 2017].

Reflex Essays - Dick Francis, Crime Fiction, Reflex, Mystery Fiction

Reflex Reading Log 1 Reflex is a classic book written by Dick Francis. This is his twenty-second book he has written. I have thoroughly enjoyed all of his novels he has written. When my moms cousin who is a big fan of Dick Francis gave me this, I knew it would be a good book. This book is based on the life of a Photographer. The photographers name is Philip Nore, the book deals with the trauma and a jockey has and how hectic his life is. In the first 50 pages of the book it deals with Philip being approached by his grandmother; (who he hates) and being asked by her to find her granddaughter. It also reveals that George Millace a recently passed away photographer has a secret black-mailing mystery and it is Philips job to uncover the Mystery. As you continue to read my reading logs I hope you will become interested in them and want to read the book for yourself. Reading Log 2 Pages 50 to 100 deal with Philip investigating the mystery and finding the granddaughter. In my opinion I think that these pages were the most boring and monotonous I have read in the whole book. However it has some high points in it. For example when Philip uncovers the first clue which is a picture of two people talking, in a caf?. This is quite exciting for Philip until he discovers who are the two men in the picture and what are they talking about. This comes as quite a surprise to everybody even myself the reader and Philip has a hard time deciding whether or not to tell his George Millaces wife. This is a hard decision for Philip because he knows that Mrs. Millace has been recently devastated by her husbands death. I find this to be particularly interesting, and it is parts like these that make me want to read on. Reading Log 3 My reflections on this section are all positive. This was by far the most interesting section and difficult. Philip the main character is faced with more difficult decisions and I find these decisions to greatly affect the outcome of the book. Philip decides to try and find his sister and maybes become a full-time race photographer, a customer that wants a large job done on the stable, for insurance reasons approaches him. He decides to do the job but not become a full-time photographer. This decision intrigued me and I wanted to read on. Bibliography 1. Dick Francis Reflex Book Reports

Writing Good Essays and Compositions on Music

Writing Good Essays and Compositions on MusicWriting good articles and some effective and persuasive essays on music are two different things but in this time and age, writing both can be tedious, time consuming and quite complicated. There are plenty of that may have already been read by lots of students who have tried and succeeded in their studies on music. If you want to write something amazing and impressive on music and you are unable to come up with original and captivating compositions, then these examples could be useful for you.A good composition on music needs a good compositions because without a skilled writer, the composition would surely be very dull. That is why composing skills should always be present if one wants to excel in this field. The presence of good writings will help improve a person's knowledge on music and it will help him or her write captivating compositions. In addition, there are a lot of people who can use these essays and samples and understand how they can use them in their creative activities on music.One thing that is pretty interesting about these essays and samples is that they include some great advice and tips that will surely help you in getting something great on music. When these writings and essays on music are not accurate and truthful, there are also a lot of people who are going to be able to realize the great shortcomings. Instead of fearing, one should try to better understand the concepts and ideas as well as the process of making a music composition. To this, there are a lot of articles and samples that can be used by individuals who are trying to make their music compositions as creative as possible.It can be fun for one to look through these writings and essays on music especially when they want to know what to do and how to make their music compositions better. Aside from that, these samples will also be of great help to one if they are already professionals in this field. Instead of fear, one can now lea rn more about their mistakes and learn from their failures which will definitely aid them in building up the foundation of their creativity and abilities.It will also be easy for one to copy and paste one or more of these writings and essays on music. In addition, there are some specific websites that can provide one with a lot of resources and tips on music composition. These resources will be able to help create more innovative and captivating compositions which can lead to a great success. This means that one can now reach higher and reach out to other people who will then be able to appreciate and enjoy what one has made for them.In addition, it will be easy for one to use these great resources to enrich his or her own creativity as well as knowledge on music. To this, one can now come up with different and new compositions that can give them an edge over other professionals in this field.In fact, writing good essays and compositions on music is important because this can help a lot of people to get their way to success. Besides, there are a lot of other benefits that can be derived from writing these online compositions. This means that one will be able to get the best writing technique and the best composition for his or her talents.It is also very common to see many students' parents reading these writings and essays on music because these writings are going to give an insight on how to develop one's creativity on music. Aside from that, this is also a good opportunity for a lot of people to appreciate what they have achieved by reading the various styles and expressions that are going to be introduced on them by this writer.

Free Essays on Politics And The Media

In America, the media holds a powerful and effective position in politicizing and socializing the general populace. The main political function of the media is to inform and analyze while being accountable. However the question of whether the media produces a pluralist democracy, or fosters a â€Å"one dimensional society† still remains unanswered. Many contemporary philosophers conclude that the media does contribute to both, some even postulate other drawbacks, for instance they posit that the media maintains elite power both in the corporate and political sector. On the other hand, some intellectual thinkers have theorized that the media, especially advertisement, is a major influence to substantiate the economy. One common belief shared by all contemporary media critics is that the media reflects and produces values of its own, even though their onus is initially to inform. In America the media has become a corporation in a corporate dominated society, it has become a bias agency of politicization. Powerful business corporations and politicians intertwine, both using the media to indoctrinate the mass populace in order to consummate a political and social consensus. This in turn maintains their elite positions. â€Å"Hollywoodism† and advertisement contributes to American imperialism by generating a desire among oversea consumers to buy American products. The impact of the American media has politicized a pluralist democracy among the majority by creating a marginilized society, leaving the corporations, including the media, and the American politicians at the top of the pinnacle concerning political decisions and elite power. Mass communications used to be, in itself, an autonomous solely owned corporation. However, this changed by the 1980’s, the majority of all major American media- magazines, televisions, radios, books, newspapers, and movies- were controlled by fifty giant corporations. Today, only twenty-three conglomerate cor... Free Essays on Politics And The Media Free Essays on Politics And The Media In America, the media holds a powerful and effective position in politicizing and socializing the general populace. The main political function of the media is to inform and analyze while being accountable. However the question of whether the media produces a pluralist democracy, or fosters a â€Å"one dimensional society† still remains unanswered. Many contemporary philosophers conclude that the media does contribute to both, some even postulate other drawbacks, for instance they posit that the media maintains elite power both in the corporate and political sector. On the other hand, some intellectual thinkers have theorized that the media, especially advertisement, is a major influence to substantiate the economy. One common belief shared by all contemporary media critics is that the media reflects and produces values of its own, even though their onus is initially to inform. In America the media has become a corporation in a corporate dominated society, it has become a bias agency of politicization. Powerful business corporations and politicians intertwine, both using the media to indoctrinate the mass populace in order to consummate a political and social consensus. This in turn maintains their elite positions. â€Å"Hollywoodism† and advertisement contributes to American imperialism by generating a desire among oversea consumers to buy American products. The impact of the American media has politicized a pluralist democracy among the majority by creating a marginilized society, leaving the corporations, including the media, and the American politicians at the top of the pinnacle concerning political decisions and elite power. Mass communications used to be, in itself, an autonomous solely owned corporation. However, this changed by the 1980’s, the majority of all major American media- magazines, televisions, radios, books, newspapers, and movies- were controlled by fifty giant corporations. Today, only twenty-three conglomerate cor...

How Puerto Ricans Migrated New York Research Paper

How Puerto Ricans Migrated New York - Research Paper Example For this particular paper, I will be concentrating on the history of one of the largest immigrant cultures ever to come aboard the American shores. This paper will shed light upon how the Puerto Ricans migrated to New York City. The paper itself will divide the migration history of Puerto Ricans into the United States into 2 parts. The first part will cover the 20th century migration era and the latter part, the 21st century migration experience of Puerto Ricans to New York. However, in order to understand the reasons for the migration, we must first understand how Puerto Rico happened to become a part of unofficial U.S. territory in the first place. The relationship of the United States and Puerto Rico is one that is hard to define, little understood, and even more little known than to a select circle of historians who have documented the strange, symbiotic relationship of America and Puerto Rico. Though not listed as a part of the American territories, Puerto Rico still enjoys a sp ecial type of status privilege with America. As a protectorate state, the Puerto Ricans are neither truly Americans nor truly Puerto Rican. Rather, the people of Puerto Rico are known as â€Å"non citizen nationals†. Enjoying a unique kind of migrant status in the country in the process. Before the Spanish-American war came to an end, Puerto Rico was a part of Spanish occupied territory. One year before the war officially came to an end, Spain thought it in the best interest of Puerto Rico to grant it independence. However, before the finalities to independence could be applied, Spain had lost the war and in the process of surrender, had given Puerto Rico to the United States as part of an armistice between Spain and the United States. Puerto Rico officially became part of the United States roster of countries under its protectorate on October 18, 18981 Having enjoyed a protectorate relationship with the United States for more than a century, Puerto Ricans are technically â⠂¬Å"American citizens† with an independently functioning homeland ever since 1917. Falling under such a description, Puerto Rican nationals who go to the United States automatically carry United States citizenship the minute they step onto the U.S. mainland. As such, Puerto Ricans are not technically perceived to be immigrants to the United States but rather a migrant population 2 Due to the occupation of Spain and eventual turn over to the United States, Puerto Rico was never able to create a stable economy for itself. The country was mired in a high rate of poverty and economic depression. Puerto Ricans who understood the technicalities of their country's relationship with the United States chose to migrate rather than face the continuous hardships that beset their country. This time of migration came to be known as the Great Migration from Puerto Rico and resulted in a great number of Puerto Ricans entering the United States through Ellis Island in New York. Throughout time , there would be a steady influx of migrants from Puerto Rico into the United States using New York as their port of entry. The existence of good work opportunities in New York at the time of their arrival signaled that these migrants would be calling New York City their home for the time being. 3 The passing of the Johnson Act in 1921 was meant to help ease the burden of lack of job opportunities for Puerto Ricans in the United States due to competition from European immigrants. The passage of the act ensured a stream of available jobs for Puerto Ricans

Critically analyse the role of public service broadcasting in Essay

Critically analyse the role of public service broadcasting in maintaining democracy in one nation-state with which you are familiar. (Best the UK) - Essay Example Most of the public radio and TV stations in the US for instance are licensed as non-commercial broadcasters, although they have some undertones of commercial advertising. This is contrary to the situation in other countries where public broadcasters can transmit commercials unabated (Blumler, 1992) The UK Broadcasting Research Unit in 1985 (quoted in Negrine, 2002) outlined the conditions that have to be fulfilled by public service broadcasting. Firstly, public service broadcasting should have a universal geographical presence accessible to all without any discrimination. Negrine (2002) argues that this is only attainable by setting up member stations across the country or having the broadcaster use sufficient transmitters capable of nationwide broadcasting. Similarly, public service broadcasting should cater for all interests and tastes as is the case of BBC, putting into considerations the plight of minority groups, Negrine further notes that public service broadcasting should demonstrate national identity and community meaning by airing local programmes from within the country other than importing shows from abroad. There is a strong tradition of public service broadcasting in United Kingdom. Study findings indicate that the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was established in 1922 as cited in (Harrison & Woods, 2001). In addition to BBC, Harrison & Woods further note that there are other four more registered channels in the UK namely Channel 4 which is a state-owned commercial public service broadcaster, a Welsh language broadcaster in Wales named S4C and two other commercial analogue broadcasters, ITV and Five which have significant public service obligations that are imposed as part of their licence to broadcast. All the four television broadcasters in UK provide five nationwide analogue terrestrial television channels. Moreover, it is cited that there are two TV channels operated by BBC namely BBC 1 and BBC 2. Further